Process Activity Command

The top program provides a dynamic real-time view of a running system i.e. actual process activity. By default, it displays the most CPU-intensive tasks running on the server and updates the list every five seconds.
Fig.01: Linux top command

Fig.01: Linux top command
Commonly Used Hot Keys

The top command provides several useful hot keys:
Hot Key Usage
t Displays summary information off and on.
m Displays memory information off and on.
A Sorts the display by top consumers of various system resources. Useful for quick identification of performance-hungry tasks on a system.
f Enters an interactive configuration screen for top. Helpful for setting up top for a specific task.
o Enables you to interactively select the ordering within top.
r Issues renice command.
k Issues kill command.
z Turn on or off color/mono

20 Linux System Monitoring Tools Every SysAdmin Should Know

Need to monitor Linux server performance? Try these built-in command and a few add-on tools. Most Linux distributions are equipped with tons of monitoring. These tools provide metrics which can be used to get information about system activities. You can use these tools to find the possible causes of a performance problem. The commands discussed below are some of the most basic commands when it comes to system analysis and debugging server issues such as:

1. Finding out bottlenecks.
2. Disk (storage) bottlenecks.
3. CPU and memory bottlenecks.
4. Network bottlenecks.

What is a MAC address?

Also known as an adapter address, hardware address, or physical address, a MAC address is a unique serial number on network adapters used to identify the device or computer. This is intended to be a permanent piece of information, however it may be changed via software such as the Technitium Mac Address Changer. The reason some people may want to change their MAC address is as follows: Sometimes when a website needs to ban a user from accessing it, they will choose to ban the IP address. However, it’s quite easy to change your IP address via a web proxy or other similar trick, such as a VPN (Virtual Private Network). The next step they may take is to simply ban the accessing machine’s MAC address, which is supposed to be unchangeable. However, it is able to be changed, and is also known as MAC spoofing. MAC spoofing may also be used to impersonate other computers on the network, or be used to hide from the network all together.

How to for change hostname MAC OSX

* First, open up your System Preferences (Command+N -> Applications -> System Preferences)
* Underneath the Internet & Network Section, choose Sharing
* You will now see a section labeled “Computer Name”. Simply type in a new name there are you should be good to go!

Generally speaking, hostnames are just used to help identify the machines on any given network. It’s quite similar to how each machine’s MAC (Media access control) address is specific to the particular machine.

How to change hostname for Windows XP

* First, click Start, and then right-click on “My Computer”, then choose “properties”.
* This will bring up a System Properties window.
* Click on the “Computer Name” tab.
* Then where it says “To rename this computer or workgroup, click Change”, click the “Change…” button next to it.
* This should bring up a Computer Name Changes dialogue box.
* Under the Computer Name section, erase the old name and type in whatever you would like and after you are finished press “OK”.
* A dialogue box will come up that says “You must restart this computer for the changes to take effect.”, after reviewing click “OK”. Click “OK” again in the Computer Name dialogue box.
* It will then ask you if you’d like to reboot. Select yes, as this will finish the changes you have just made. After it has finished rebooting, your local hostname should have successfully changed!

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Master boot record and LILO

What is the master boot record (MBR) and why does LILO erase the old boot loader? Every hard drive has a top space called the MBR where the BIOS will try to load an operating system. Every system has its own loader. DOS has DOS-MBR, Windows NT has the NTLDR and Linux has LILO.
When you install LILO, you can install it in the MBR or in a boot record for the Linux partition. If you want to keep your current boot loader, you can select the Linux partition, and make sure it is the active partition in fdisk. This way you will be able to boot to LILO, and then boot the old loader from the MBR. If you plan on only using Linux on your system, you can tell LILO to boot right into Linux and not display a “boot:” prompt, and you can install it in the MBR.